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Albert Brudzewski

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Albert Brudzewski
Bornc. 1445 (1445)
Brudzew/Brudzewo,[a] Kingdom of Poland
Diedc. 1497 (aged 51–52)
Vilnius, Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Alma materKraków Academy
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy
Mathematics
philosophy
InstitutionsKraków Academy
Notable studentsNicolaus Copernicus,
Bernard Wapowski,
Conrad Celtes

Albert Brudzewski,[b] also known as Albert Blar (of Brudzewo),[1][2] Adalbertus,[3]Albert of Brudzewo or Albert of Brudzew (Polish: Wojciech Brudzewski: Latin: Albertus de Brudzewo; c.1445–c.1497) was a Polish astronomer, philosopher and diplomat. A major accomplishment of Albert's was his modernization of the teaching of astronomy by introducing the most up-to-date texts. He was an influential teacher to Nicolaus Copernicus, who initiated the Copernican Revolution.

Later in his life he was secretary and diplomat of Alexander Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Life

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Albert (Polish: Wojciech), who would sign himself "de Brudzewo" ("of Brudzewo"), was born about 1445 in the city of Brudzew/Brudzewo,[a] in the Kingdom of Poland.[citation needed] Scant information exists about his early life. It is only known that as a 23-year-old he matriculated at the Kraków Academy (now Jagiellonian University), where he remained through nearly all his life, teaching there for two decades. He served as the academy's dean, as procurator (administrator of its property), and as head of the Bursa Hungarorum ("Hungarians' Dormitory").[citation needed]

Brudweski may have been student of German astronomer Regiomontanus at the University of Vienna.[4] Brudzewski was well versed in Georg von Peuerbach's Theoricae novae planetarum and Regiomontanus' Tabulae directionum and Ephemerides.[1][4]

He drew up tables for calculating the positions of heavenly bodies. In 1482 he wrote a Commentariolum super Theoricas novas — a commentary on Peuerbach's text, which was published in Milan, Mediolani, in 1495.[5] Peuerbach noted that Mercury does not describes a perfect circle but an oval-shaped orbit. Brudweski in his 1482 commentary remarks that the Moon follows a similar orbit, as it always shows its same side to the Earth.[5] As previously done by Sandivogius of Czechel, Brudweski added a secondary epicycle explain the motion of the Moon.[4][6]

Brudzewski is also remembered as a remarkable teacher. At the Kraków Academy he impressed students by his extraordinary knowledge of literature, and taught mathematics and astronomy.[7] From 1489 to 1491, German poet and Renaissance humanist, Conrad Celtes traveled to Poland to meet and learn astrology from Brudzewski.[1][2] They became friends and exchanged letters even after Celtes departure.[1][2]

From 1490 onwards, he lectured only on Aristotle's philosophy.[5] These lectures were attended by Nicolaus Copernicus, who enrolled at the academy from 1491 to 1495.[7] Cartographer and friend of Copernicus Bernard Wapowski also studied under Brudzewski.[7]

Depart to Vilnius

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In 1494, Brudzewski left Krakow.[5] At the behest of Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellończyk (Frederick Jagiellon), Brudzewski moved to Vilnius as secretary to Grand Duke of Lithuania Aleksander Jagiellon, who will later become King of Poland after the death of Brudzewki.[citation needed] He served the Grand Duke as a diplomat; one of his most important missions involved negotiations with Muscovy's Tsar Ivan the Terrible. It was in Vilnius that Albert wrote his treatise, Conciliator, the original of which has not yet been found.[citation needed]

Albert of Brudzewo died in Vilnius. The exact date of his death is not known; some sources state that he died at the age of fifty.[citation needed]

Views and contributions

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Statute of Albert Brudzewski in Brudzew, Turek County[a]

On Averroes

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Brudzewski was seen as influential and persuasive astronomer, a fictionalist, and an opponent of Middle Ages Andalusian scholar Averroes (Ibn Rushd). Averroes disagreed with the majority of the astronomer Ptolemy's work. He believed that Ptolemy's devices and principles disobeyed the fundamental principles and basic consequences of Aristotelian physics. Averroes worked to replace the Ptolemaic astronomical system with a novel system that was similar to a system created by Eudoxus. Albert Brudzewski disagreed and criticized Averroes immediately. The major dispute was the figuring out the number of celestial orbs or spheres that lay in the heavens. Averroes refused to believe that there was a ninth sphere in the heavens. He believed that the creation of all celestial beings had to arise from the stars, but the ninth sphere did not possess any stars, so this could not be true. Albert Brudzewski argued with this and said that the heavens possessed more than ten spheres. He believed that the Sun itself had three spheres and the planets had their own as well.[8]

To make sense and clarify to his followers, Brudzewski said that the terms 'orb' or 'sphere' had three meanings of interpretation. The first meaning could be the whole entire heavens was designated into a single object which was the orb or sphere. This object was not separate from the whole heavens yet it could exist by itself. The second meaning he paralleled it to the sphere or orb from Peurbach's Theoricae novae planetarum although it was unconventional, it still existed in the heavens. The third meaning or clarification of orb was an orb that was aligned with the Earth. The third meaning was actually a collection of orbs that was crucial to the motion of a planet.[8]

Brudzewski further disputes Averroes by depending on the assumptions of Aristotle. He said that Aristotle demonstrated and verified five claims about the heavens that could disprove Averroes. The first claim was that the heavens was a simple being. The second claim was that because the heavens was a simple being, the motion of the being also had to be simple and uncomplicated. There could only be one motion and it had to follow the laws of nature. The third claim was that any motion that did not follow the laws of nature had to have an addition motion that did follow the laws of nature. The fourth claim was that a single sphere or orb could not be moved by several motions because it was a simple body. The fifth claim was that any superior or greater orb could have an impact on lesser orbs and spheres but the lesser orbs and spheres could not have any leverage on the superior's ones.[8]

To finally disprove Averroes, Brudzewski mentions the three recognizable motions of the sphere of fixed stars. The first motion was that the sphere possessed a daily rotation that occurred from the East to the West. The second motion was movement of the sphere in the opposition direction from West to East. The third motion was a cyclical motion that Brudzewski named trepidation. Brudzewski gave these three motions to the last three spheres respectively. With the assumptions of Aristotle as well as the motions of the sphere of the fixed stars, Brudzewski is able to prove that Averroes is wrong about the number of celestial spheres in the heavens.[8]

On the heavens and planetary motion

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Albert Brudzewski was known as a fictionalist. He did not think that the motions of the heavens were understood by any human.[9] Richard of Wallingford, an astronomer in the 1300s, had an opposing view for the spheres of the planets. He claimed that no mortal knows whether eccentrics truly exist in the spheres of the planets, but spirits could give humans revelations about the true planetary motion of the heavens through mathematicians.[8] This claim limits the astronomical knowledge of mortals and suggests that spirits do not have the same limitations. Brudzewski acknowledges the existence of these viewpoints but criticized their validity. To astronomers, spirits had an accurate knowledge of the number of celestial orbs. Although, he did not want to discredit the ability of mortals to make claims based on astronomical observations.Brudzewski made the claim for the fundamental principle of astrology that the heavens exert causal influences on the Earth.[8]

The paths of planets were thought to be moved by orbs instead of circles. This was a claim by Brudzeski about causal relationships between the planets and their motion. With this view, he disagreed with Averroes about the number of orbs, the concept of epicycles and eccentric circles, and on theoretical orbs. Brudzewski was seen as a source for some of Copernicus's work on orbs, specifically with the Tusi couple.[8]

Tusi couple

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The Tusi couple was known as an epicycle arrangement that creates straight line motion of the planets, created by Copernicus.[10] Some think that Brudzewski is the source for Copernicus's model of the Tusi couple. Albert does account for the moon and its double epicycles where he mentions a spot on the moon.[8] The spot on the Moon is the problem of explaining the appearance of the face of the Moon when always viewing the Earth. These views were not aligned with the Tusi couple. Although, it is speculated that Copernicus could have encountered such a model, where the primary epicycle carries the center of a second epicycle. This is not the Tusi couple, but it could be slightly changed to match its model. The spot on the moon that is always viewed from the Earth would not appear if there was no epicyclical motion of the moon. The motion of the moon was termed as prosneusis motion which was part of the lunar theory. This motion means motion of inclination and turning, which corresponds to the single epicycle in Ptolemy's theory of the moon, and the two epicycles in Brudzewski's model.[8]

Brudzewski was aware of the possibility of linear motions from circular motions based on his model of Mercury's motion. This could be an alternative way that Copernicus generated his idea of linear motion for the Tusi couple. Although it seems that Copernicus used Albert's ideas, he highly relied on Islamic sources for the Tusi couple. Copernicus's parameters for the moon are exactly the same as those of Ibn al-Shatir. It is unclear where Copernicus truly got his ideas.[8]

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A fictionalized version of Albert Brudzewski is the protagonist of the final part of the 2020 manga series Orb: On the Movements of the Earth, which was adapted into an anime in 2024.[11]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c It uncertain in which "Brudzewo"/"Brudzew" he was born: probably the town in present-day Brudzew, Kalisz County, see also Brudzew (disambiguation) and Brudzewo (disambiguation)
  2. ^ Listed as "Brudzewski, Wojciech, [or] Wojciech z Brudzewa," in Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN, vol. 1, p. 353. Google Search, 29 November 2008, lists him as "Albert Brudzewski" (8,170), "Wojciech Brudzewski" (626), "Albert Blar" (611).

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Segel, Harold B. (1989). Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470-1543. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-2286-7.
  2. ^ a b c Glomski, Jacqueline; Glomski, Senior Research Fellow Jacqueline (2007-01-01). Patronage and Humanist Literature in the Age of the Jagiellons: Court and Career in the Writings of Rudolf Agricola Junior, Valentin Eck, and Leonard Cox. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9300-4.
  3. ^ Rosińska, Grażyna (1974). "Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī and Ibn al-Shāṭir in Cracow?". Isis. 65 (2): 239–243. ISSN 0021-1753.
  4. ^ a b c Freely, John (2014-05-20). Celestial Revolutionary: Copernicus, the Man and His Universe. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85773-490-7.
  5. ^ a b c d Dreyer, J. L. E. (1953-01-01). A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-60079-6. First (about 1460) in Purbach's Theoricce nova Planetarum (ed. of Basle, 1573, p. 82) : "Ex dictis apparet manifeste, centrum epicycli Mercurij, propter motus supradictos non (ut in alijs planetis fit) circumferentiam deferentis circularem, sed potius figuras, habentis similitudinem cum plana ovali, peripheriam describere." Next by Albert of Brudzew in 1482 in his Commentariolum super theoricas novas, printed at Milan in 1495 (ed. Cracow, 1900, p. 124), where it is remarked that the centre of the lunar epicycle describes a similar figure. This is also stated by E. Reinhold in his commentary to Purbach, 1542, fol. P 7 verso (ed. of Paris, 1558, fol. 78); by Vurstisius in his Questiones nova in theoricas, &e., Basle, 1573, p. 233 ; and in Riccioli's Almagestum novum, T. i. p. 564. The last three writers (who give a figure) also take the equable angular motion round the centre of the equant into account, which centre lies on the point of the circumference of the small circle nearest the earth. The curve described by the centre of the epicycle thus becomes egg-shaped, and not like an ellipse.
  6. ^ Goddu, André (2010-01-01). Copernicus and the Aristotelian Tradition: Education, Reading, and Philosophy in Copernicus's Path to Heliocentrism. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-18107-6.
  7. ^ a b c Mizwa, Stephen P. (1943). "Nicholas Copernicus". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 55 (323): 65–72. ISSN 0004-6280.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barker, Peter (May 2013). "Albert of Brudzewo's Little Commentary on George Peurbach's 'Theoricae Novae Planetarum'". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 44 (2): 125–148. Bibcode:2013JHA....44..125B. doi:10.1177/002182861304400201. ISSN 0021-8286. S2CID 118730125.
  9. ^ Copernicus, Nicolaus (2010-08-27). On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-61592-082-2.
  10. ^ Watson, A (1919). "Copernicus". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 13: 264–282.
  11. ^ Dennison, Kara (February 25, 2025). "Orb: On the Movements of the Earth Anime Casts Shoya Ishige". Crunchy Roll News.

Further references

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  • "Brudzewski, Wojciech, [or] Wojciech z Brudzewa," Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (PWN Universal Encyclopedia), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1973, vol. 1, p. 353.
  • M. Iłowiecki, Dzieje nauki polskiej (History of Polish Science), Warsaw, 1981.
  • Zbigniew Lenartowicz, Kaliszanie w Warszawie (Kaliszians in Warsaw), no. 32/33, 2002.
  • Józef Retinger, Polacy w cywilizacjach świata (Poles in the World's Civilizations), Warsaw, 1937.
  • Tadeusz Rójek, Sławni i nieznani (The Famous and the Unknown).
  • Michela Malpangotto, La critique de l'univers de Peurbach développée par Albert de Brudzewo a-t-elle influencé Copernic ? Un nouveau regard sur les réflexions astronomiques au XVe siècle, Almagest, 41/1, 2013, pp. 1–47.
  • Michela Malpangotto, The original motivation for Copernicus' research: Albert of Brudzewo's Commentariolum super Theoricas novas Georgii Purbachii, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 70/4, 2016, pp. 361–411.
  • Michela Malpangotto, Theoricae novae planetarum Georgii Peurbachii dans l'histoire de l'astronomie — Sources — Édition critique avec traduction française — Commentaire technique — Diffusion du XVe au XVIIe siècle, Paris, CNRS Éditions, 2020.
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